Abstract The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)(Lepidoptera:
Gelechiidae), is an invasive pest difficult to control. Insecticide application is quite common …

The spinosyns were introduced in 1997 with the launch of spinosad. Since then, there have
been several cases of resistance to spinosad in the field populations of insect pest species …

BACKGROUND Spodoptera frugiperda is a pest of economically important crops in South
America. In Brazil, this species is considered the most destructive pest of maize. Use of …

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are major excitatory neurotransmitter receptors
in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In insects, nAChRs are the target site for several …

Fourteen populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), were collected from
fields of crucifer vegetables in the United States, Mexico, and Thailand in 1999 and 2000 for …

Susceptibility to spinosad of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis
(Pergande), from south‐eastern Spain was determined. LC50 values of the field populations …

Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), is a serious pest of vegetables in China, and
its control is heavily dependent on chemical insecticides. The current resistance status of …

Spinosad is a commercial reduced-risk pesticide that is naturally derived. Spinosad's
performance was evaluated on four classes of wheat (hard red winter, hard red spring, soft …

Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua is a major insect pest of vegetables in China, and has
been reported to develop resistance to many broad-spectrum insecticides. Recently …

Insect cytochrome P450 s (P450 s) are associated with the metabolic detoxification of toxic
xenobiotics and their constitutive upregulation is often associated with resistance to natural …