Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex molecular program that regulates
changes in cell morphology and function during embryogenesis and tissue development …

Since the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), its cognate receptor
activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), and the decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) …

When cancer metastasizes to bone, considerable pain and deregulated bone remodelling
occurs, greatly diminishing the possibility of cure. Metastasizing tumour cells mobilize and …

The consequences of prostate cancer metastasis remain severe, with huge impact on the
mortality and overall quality of life of affected patients. Despite the convoluted interplay and …

Oncogenic events combined with a favourable environment are the two main factors in the
oncological process. The tumour microenvironment is composed of a complex …

Paracrine signaling through receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) pathway mediates the
expansion of mammary epithelia that occurs during pregnancy, and activation of RANK …

RANKL and RANK are expressed in different cell types and tissues throughout the body.
They were originally described for their essential roles in bone remodeling and the immune …

Salmonella Typhimurium specifically targets antigen-sampling microfold (M) cells to
translocate across the gut epithelium. Although M cells represent a small proportion of the …

The lethal consequences of prostate cancer are related to its metastasis to other organ sites.
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has received considerable attention as a …

Background Most patients with advanced breast cancer develop bone metastases, which
cause pain, hypercalcemia, fractures, nerve compression and paralysis. Chemotherapy …