Mitochondria are well known as organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular
bioenergetics through the production of ATP. Although oxidative phosphorylation may be …

Cellular senescence entails a permanent proliferative arrest, coupled to multiple phenotypic
changes. Among these changes is the release of numerous biologically active molecules …

The microenvironment (local environment), including viscosity, temperature, polarity,
hypoxia, and acidic-basic status (pH), plays indispensable roles in cellular processes …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a chemically defined group of reactive molecules
derived from molecular oxygen. ROS are involved in a plethora of processes in cells in all …

Macroautophagy (hereafter called autophagy) is a highly conserved physiological process
that degrades over-abundant or damaged organelles, large protein aggregates and …

According to the endosymbiotic theory, most of the DNA of the original bacterial
endosymbiont has been lost or transferred to the nucleus, leaving a much smaller (∼ 16 kb …

Mitochondria are essential for the activity, function and viability of eukaryotic cells and
mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and …

The number of old people is rising worldwide, and advancing age is a major risk factor for
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms underlying this …

In addition to constituting the genetic material of an organism, DNA is a tracer for the
recognition of foreign pathogens and a trigger of the innate immune system. cGAS functions …

The unique physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles have recently gained
increasing attention in a diverse set of applications, particularly in the biomedical field …