The centenary of insulin discovery represents an important opportunity to transform diabetes
from a fatal diagnosis into a medically manageable chronic condition. Insulin is a key …

Glucocorticoid hormones were discovered to have use as potent anti-inflammatory and
immunosuppressive therapeutics in the 1940s and their continued use and development …

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic, chronic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and
elevated blood glucose levels. Although a large drug portfolio exists to keep the blood …

The mTOR pathway integrates a diverse set of environmental cues, such as growth factor
signals and nutritional status, to direct eukaryotic cell growth. Over the past two and a half …

The molecular mechanisms of cellular insulin action have been the focus of much
investigation since the discovery of the hormone 100 years ago. Insulin action is impaired in …

Mitochondria play a major role in ROS production and defense during their life cycle. The
transcriptional activator PGC-1α is a key player in the homeostasis of energy metabolism …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

FOXO proteins are transcription factors that are involved in numerous physiological
processes and in various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer …

PTEN is a potent tumour suppressor, and its loss of function is frequently observed in both
heritable and sporadic cancers. PTEN has phosphatase-dependent and phosphatase …

The Ser and Thr kinase AKT, also known as protein kinase B (PKB), was discovered 25
years ago and has been the focus of tens of thousands of studies in diverse fields of biology …