The immune system functions in a sexually dimorphic manner, with females exhibiting more
robust immune responses than males. However, how female sex hormones affect immune …

During pregnancy, the mother must adapt her body systems to support nutrient and oxygen
supply for growth of the baby in utero and during the subsequent lactation. These include …

Estrogens have historically been associated with female reproduction, but work over the last
two decades established that estrogens and their main nuclear receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) …

Humans show strong sex differences in immunity to infection and autoimmunity, suggesting
sex hormones modulate immune responses. Indeed, receptors for estrogens (ERs) regulate …

Initiation and progression of atherosclerosis depend on local inflammation and
accumulation of lipids in the vascular wall. Although many cells are involved in the …

Chronic, low-grade adipose tissue inflammation is a key etiological mechanism linking the
increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. It is well recognized that the …

The combination of obesity and hypertension is associated with high morbidity and mortality
because it leads to cardiovascular and kidney disease. Potential mechanisms linking …

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity,
insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant …

Simple Summary Human health is significantly affected by microbial infections. One of the
largest determinants of the outcomes of such infections is the host immune response. Too …

Type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Large, randomized
controlled trials suggest that menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) delays the onset of type 2 …