Background: Many studies report a positive association between smoking and mental
illness. However, the literature remains mixed regarding the direction of this association. We …

Background There is increasing evidence that contact with other smokers, particularly in the
family, is a strong determinant of risk of smoking uptake. A systematic review and meta …

BACKGROUND: Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among adolescents has
increased since their introduction into the US market in 2007. Little is known about the role …

This review addresses peer group influences on adolescent smoking with a particular focus
on recently published longitudinal studies that have investigated the topic. Specifically, we …

Background The tobacco industry denies that their marketing is targeted at young
nonsmokers, but it seems more probable that tobacco advertising and promotion influences …

Although the influence of peers on adolescent smoking should vary depending on social
dynamics, there is a lack of understanding of which elements are most crucial and how this …

Few prospective studies of smoking initiation have investigated a wide range of time-varying
and invariant predictor variables at the individual and contextual levels concurrently. In this …

To examine the association of adolescents' snack and soft drink consumption with friendship
group snack and soft drink consumption, availability of snacks and soft drinks at school, and …

The effects of psychoactive substance abuse are not limited to the user, but extend to the
entire family system, with children of substance abusers being particularly at risk. This meta …

This study examined age, gender, and racial differences in parental and peer disapproval of
alcohol use and in the relationship of these injunctive norms with drinking during …