As exemplified by coronaviruses and influenza viruses, bats and birds are natural reservoirs
for providing viral genes during evolution of new virus species and viruses for interspecies …

Reassortment is the process by which influenza viruses swap gene segments. This genetic
exchange is possible due to the segmented nature of the viral genome and occurs when two …

Reassortment is fundamental to the evolution of influenza viruses and plays a key role in the
generation of epidemiologically significant strains. Previous studies indicate that …

Influenza A viruses are constantly changing. This change accounts for seasonal epidemics,
infrequent pandemics, and zoonotic outbreaks. A major mechanism underlying the genetic …

The rapid global evolution of influenza virus begins with mutations that arise de novo in
individual infections, but little is known about how evolution occurs within hosts. We review …

Highlights•Bottlenecks restrict the transmission of genetic diversity between hosts.•A variety
of methods can be used to estimate bottleneck size in experimental and natural …

The bottleneck governing infectious disease transmission describes the size of the pathogen
population transferred from the donor to the recipient host. Accurate quantification of the …

Knowledge of influenza virus evolution at the point of transmission and at the intrahost level
remains limited, particularly for human hosts. Here, we analyze a unique viral data set of …

Influenza A virus (IAV) continues to pose an enormous and unpredictable global public
health threat, largely due to the continual evolution of escape from preexisting immunity and …

Reassortment is an evolutionary mechanism of segmented RNA viruses that plays an
important but ill-defined role in virus emergence and interspecies transmission. Recent …