Rhodopsins are light-sensing proteins used in optogenetics. The word “rhodopsin”
originates from the Greek words “rhodo” and “opsis,” indicating rose and sight, respectively …

Protein-bound internal water molecules are essential features of the structure and function of
microbial rhodopsins. Besides structural stabilization, they act as proton conductors and …

High-resolution protein ground-state structures of proton pumps and channels have
revealed internal protein-bound water molecules. Their possible active involvement in …

As much as two-thirds of the proton gradient used for transmembrane free energy storage in
oxygenic photosynthesis is generated by the cytochrome b 6 f complex. The proton uptake …

Water is clearly important for the functioning of Photosystem II (PSII). Apart from being the
very substrate that needs to be transported in this water oxidation enzyme, water is also vital …

As standard unbiased molecular dynamics (MD) simulations become impractical for
sampling rare events,“targeted MD” employs a moving distance constraint to enforce rare …

We report on a study that combines advanced fluorescence methods with molecular
dynamics (MD) simulations to cover timescales from nanoseconds to milliseconds for a large …

One of the main functions of microbial rhodopsins is outward-directed light-driven proton
transport across the plasma membrane, which can provide sources of energy alternative to …

Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) transports a proton from intracellular to extracellular (EC) sites
through five proton transfers. The second proton transfer is the release of an excess proton …

Vectorial transport by pumps requires a switch in the accessibility (or affinity) of the ion
binding site from the extracelullar to the cytoplamic side, or vice versa. In the proton-pump …