Abstract The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway
involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is …

Simple Summary The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase
(MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway is frequently activated in liver cancer, which is one of the …

Abstract The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK pathway is the most well-studied of the MAPK cascades
and is critical for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Abnormalities in regulation …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common progressive disease that is typically
characterized by the permanent loss of functional nephrons. As injured nephrons become …

The RAF family of kinases includes key activators of the pro-tumourigenic mitogen-activated
protein kinase pathway. Hyperactivation of RAF proteins, particularly BRAF and CRAF …

Background Increasing evidence has demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are
implicated in cancer progression. However, the aberrant expression and biological functions …

In recent decades, the decline in human fertility has become increasingly more worrying:
while therapeutic interventions might help, they are vexing for the couple and often …

The Ras/Raf/MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-
regulated kinase) pathway is at the heart of signalling networks that govern proliferation …

The RAS–mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway has long been
viewed as an attractive pathway for anticancer therapies, based on its central role in …

First identified in the early 1980s as retroviral oncogenes, the Raf proteins have been the
objects of intense research. The discoveries 10 years later that the Raf family members (Raf …