One of the main engines that drives cellular transformation is the loss of proper control of the
mammalian cell cycle. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (also known as …

Inhibitors of DNA binding and cell differentiation (Id) proteins are members of the large
family of the helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factors, but they lack any DNA-binding motif …

Cancer cells adapt to varying stress conditions to survive through plasticity. Stem cells
exhibit a high degree of plasticity, allowing them to generate more stem cells or differentiate …

Id proteins are important parts of signaling pathways involved in development, cell cycle and
tumorigenesis. They were first shown to act as dominant negative antagonists of the basic …

Over the past few decades, biologists have identified key molecular signatures associated
with a wide range of human cancers. Recently, animal models have been particularly useful …

Since the gene encoding Id1 was cloned in 1990, Id proteins have been implicated in
regulating a variety of cellular processes, including cellular growth, senescence …

Glioblastoma is the most common form of primary adult brain tumors. A majority of
glioblastomas grow invasively into distant brain tissue, leading to tumor recurrence, which is …

Mammary epithelial cells constitutively expressing Id-1 protein are unable to differentiate,
acquire the ability to proliferate, and invade the extracellular matrix. In addition, Id-1 is …

Metastasis is a complex multistep process, which requires the concerted action of many
genes and is the primary cause of cancer death. Both pathways that regulate metastasis …

Local interactions between cancer cells and stroma can produce systemic effects on distant
organs to govern cancer progression. Here we show that IGF2 secreted by inhibitor of …