BACKGROUND The harvesting of photons is the first step in photosynthesis, the biological
process that transforms solar energy into chemical energy. The photosynthetic membranes …

Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be
studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to …

Photosynthetic organisms are crucial for life on Earth as they provide food and oxygen and
are at the basis of most energy resources. They have a large variety of light-harvesting …

The aim of this educational review is to provide practical information on the hardware,
methodology, and the hands on application of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence technology …

Plants and algae require light for photosynthesis, but absorption of too much light can lead
to photo‐oxidative damage to the photosynthetic apparatus and sustained decreases in the …

Plants regulate photosynthetic light harvesting to maintain balanced energy flux into
photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII). Under light conditions favoring PSII excitation, the PSII …

Photosynthetic pigment composition has been a major study target in plant ecophysiology
during the last three decades. Although more than 2000 papers have been published, a …

Photosynthetic light harvesting in plants is regulated by phosphorylation-driven state
transitions: functional redistributions of the major trimeric light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) …

Photosynthetic organisms are continuously subjected to changes in light quantity and
quality, and must adjust their photosynthetic machinery so that it maintains optimal …

Oxygenic photosynthesis is indispensable both for the development and maintenance of life
on earth by converting light energy into chemical energy and by producing molecular …