Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is one of the most potent innate
immune-activating stimuli known. Here we review the current understanding of LPS effects …

Neutrophil granulocytes form the first line of host defense against invading pathogens and
tissue injury. They are rapidly recruited from the blood to the affected sites, where they …

Advancing our understanding of mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy, asthma,
autoimmune diseases, tumor development, organ transplantation, and chronic infections …

American tegumentary leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by
Leishmania protozoans. Innate immune cells undergo long-term functional reprogramming …

Inflammatory disorders result from continuous inflammation in injured sites. Many molecules
are involved in this process; the inhibition of which could prevent the inflammation …

In recent years, the landscape of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines has rapidly expanded
with the identification of new members proven to be involved at different extent in the …

Apoptosis is an ancient form of regulated cell death that functions under pathological and
nonpathological contexts in all metazoans. More than a decade of intense research has led …

Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are widely expressed throughout nature and suppress
cell death under a variety of circumstances. X-linked IAP, the prototypical IAP in mammals …

A vast variety of nonstructural proteins have been studied for their key roles and involvement
in a number of biological phenomenona. Interleukin‐32 is a novel cytokine whose presence …

Monocytes from tuberculosis patients exhibit functional and phenotypical alterations
compared with healthy controls. To determine whether these discrepancies can be …