Background Immersive virtual reality (iVR) simulators provide accessible, low cost, realistic
training adjuncts in time and financially constrained systems. With increasing evidence and …

Placebo and nocebo effects are embodied psycho-neurobiological responses capable of
modulating pain and producing changes at different neurobiological, body at perceptual and …

Background Many patients report symptomatic relief after undergoing arthroscopy of the
knee for osteoarthritis, but it is unclear how the procedure achieves this result. We …

Background Placebo effects contribute substantially to outcome in most fields of medicine.
While clinical trials typically try to control or minimize these effects, the potential of placebo …

The majority of persistent non-traumatic musculoskeletal pain disorders do not have a
pathoanatomical diagnosis that adequately explains the individual's pain experience and …

Chronic pancreatitis is a syndrome involving inflammation, fibrosis, and loss of acinar and
islet cells which can manifest in unrelenting abdominal pain, malnutrition, and exocrine and …

Importance Placebo effects reduce pain and contribute to clinical analgesia, but after
decades of research, it remains unclear whether placebo treatments mainly affect …

Placebos are sham medical treatments. Nonetheless, they can have substantial effects on
clinical outcomes. Placebos depend on a person's psychological and brain responses to the …

Background Patients with recurrent or persisting complaints after an episode of left-sided
diverticulitis are managed with either conservative measures or elective sigmoidectomy. To …

(1) Background: In recent years, placebo and nocebo effects have been extensively
documented in different medical conditions, including pain. The scientific literature has …