The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that have co-evolved
with the host in a symbiotic relationship. The presence of large numbers of symbionts near …

Gut microbiota has evolved along with their hosts and is an integral part of the human body.
Microbiota acquired at birth develops in parallel as the host develops and maintains its …

Gut commensal bacteria with the ability to translocate across the intestinal barrier can drive
the development of diverse immune-mediated diseases,,–. However, the key factors that …

Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen responsible for a disease called
listeriosis, which is potentially lethal in immunocompromised individuals. This bacterium, first …

Lysozyme is a cornerstone of innate immunity. The canonical mechanism for bacterial killing
by lysozyme occurs through the hydrolysis of cell wall peptidoglycan (PG). Conventional …

Plants solely rely on innate immunity of each individual cell to deal with a diversity of
microbes in the environment. Extracellular recognition of microbe‐and host damage …

The innate immune system recognizes microbial products using germline-encoded
receptors that initiate inflammatory responses to infection. The bacterial cell wall component …

Listeria monocytogenes is a saprophytic gram-positive bacterium, and an opportunistic
foodborne pathogen that can produce listeriosis in humans and animals. It has evolved an …

Bacterial pathogens have evolved a wide range of strategies to colonize and invade human
organs, despite the presence of multiple host defense mechanisms. In this review, we will …

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and NOD2, the
founding members of the intracellular NOD-like receptor family, sense conserved motifs in …