Asia has a unique set of landscapes, notably characterized by the highest plateau in the
world, the strongest monsoon circulation, and an immense arid region. When and how this …

Drainage divides separate Earth's surface into individual river basins. Divide migration
impacts the evolution of landforms, regional climate, ecosystems and biodiversity. In this …

The oxidation of organic carbon contained within sedimentary rocks (“petrogenic” carbon, or
hereafter OCpetro) emits nearly as much CO2 as is released by volcanism, thereby playing …

The long-term diversification of the biosphere responds to changes in the physical
environment. Yet, over the continents, the nearly monotonic expansion of life started later in …

The tectonics, geography and climate of the Cretaceous world were very different from the
modern world. At the start of the Cretaceous, the supercontinent of Pangaea had just begun …

Large igneous province eruptions and their carbon emissions often coincide with, and are
hypothesized to have driven, severe environmental perturbations in the geological past …

Water quantity and quality in lakes are closely linked to the compounding effects of climate
change and human activities in their catchments, especially for lakes located in semi-arid …

Many cratonic continental fragments dispersed during the rifting and break-up of Gondwana
are bound by steep topographic landforms known as 'great escarpments',,–, which rim …

Paleogeographic maps play a central integrating role across all the disciplines of the Earth
System Sciences. They increasingly serve as boundary conditions for climate, earth, and life …

Solid Earth CO2 outgassing, driven by plate tectonic processes, is a key driver of carbon
cycle models. However, the magnitudes and variations in outgassing are poorly constrained …