Metals such as iron, manganese, copper, and zinc are recognized as essential trace
elements. These trace metals play critical roles in development, growth, and metabolism …

To maintain iron homeostasis within the cell, bacteria have evolved various types of iron
acquisition systems. Ferric iron (Fe3+) is the dominant species in an oxygenated …

Background In-home iron fortification for infants in developing countries is recommended for
control of anaemia, but low absorption typically results in> 80% of the iron passing into the …

In the ancient anaerobic environment, ferrous iron (Fe2+) was one of the first metal
cofactors. Oxygenation of the ancient world challenged bacteria to acquire the insoluble …

For all microorganisms, acquisition of metal ions is essential for survival in the environment
or in their infected host. Metal ions are required in many biological processes as …

Background: Iron is essential for the growth and virulence of many pathogenic
enterobacteria, whereas beneficial barrier bacteria, such as lactobacilli, do not require iron …

▪ Abstract Iron is an essential element for most organisms, including bacteria. The oxidized
form is insoluble, and the reduced form is highly toxic for most macromolecules and, in …

Iron is abundantly present on earth, essential for most microorganisms and crucial for
human health. Human iron deficiency that is nevertheless highly prevalent in developing …

Transition metals are required cofactors for many proteins that are critical for life, and their
concentration within cells is carefully maintained to avoid both deficiency and toxicity. To …

Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a versatile protein export machinery widely distributed in
Gram-negative bacteria. Known to translocate protein substrates to eukaryotic and …