The capsid (CA) protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an essential
structural component of a virion and facilitates many crucial life cycle steps through …

Understanding the nature of immunity following mild/asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-
2 is crucial to controlling the pandemic. We analyzed T cell and neutralizing antibody …

Extensive studies on HIV-1 have led to the discovery of a variety of structurally and
functionally diverse innate defense factors that target various steps of the retroviral …

Intracellular innate immunity involves co-evolved antiviral restriction factors that specifically
inhibit infecting viruses. Studying these restrictions has increased our understanding of viral …

In addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, myeloid cells and, particularly, differentiated
macrophages are targets of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection via the …

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) encodes several proteins that contort the host cell
environment to promote viral replication and spread. This is often accomplished through the …

HIV infects several cell types in the body, including CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Here
we review the role of macrophages in HIV infection and describe complex interactions …

HIV-1 encodes four accesory proteins in addition to its structural and regulatory genes.
Uniquely amongst them, Vpr is abundantly present within virions, meaning it is poised to …

Different host proteins target different HIV proteins and antagonize their functions,
depending on the stage of the HIV life cycle and the stage of infection. Concurrently, HIV …

Host antiviral proteins inhibit primate lentiviruses and other retroviruses by targeting many
features of the viral life cycle. The lentiviral capsid protein and the assembled viral core are …