To cope with real-world dynamics, an intelligent system needs to incrementally acquire,
update, accumulate, and exploit knowledge throughout its lifetime. This ability, known as …

Highlights•Recurrent connectivity is anatomically and functionally prevalent in fly memory
circuits.•Sustained reverberant activity is necessary for memory consolidation.•Feedforward …

Continual learning aims to empower artificial intelligence with strong adaptability to the real
world. For this purpose, a desirable solution should properly balance memory stability with …

Flexible behaviors over long timescales are thought to engage recurrent neural networks in
deep brain regions, which are experimentally challenging to study. In insects, recurrent …

Making inferences about the computations performed by neuronal circuits from synapse-
level connectivity maps is an emerging opportunity in neuroscience. The mushroom body …

Dopamine (DA) is a central monoamine neurotransmitter involved in many physiological
and pathological processes. A longstanding yet largely unmet goal is to measure DA …

INTRODUCTION Neural circuits across the brain are composed of structures spanning
seven orders of magnitude in size that are assembled from thousands of distinct protein …

Associating stimuli with positive or negative reinforcement is essential for survival, but a
complete wiring diagram of a higher-order circuit supporting associative memory has not …

Understanding memory formation, storage and retrieval requires knowledge of the
underlying neuronal circuits. In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is the major site of …

Dopamine plays a central role in motivating and modifying behavior, serving to invigorate
current behavioral performance and guide future actions through learning. Here we examine …