I. INTRODUCTION glossal motoneurons for genioglossus muscle that governs tongue
protrusion in inspiration (2'76, 333, 495); 2) naso-In mammals, the uptake of oxygen and …

Pontine respiratory nuclei provide synaptic input to medullary rhythmogenic circuits to shape
and adapt the breathing pattern. An understanding of this statement depends on …

The primary function of respiration is to exchange gases between the external environment
and the internal milieu of the organism. Gas exchange occurs through coordinated action of …

This review summarizes the current understanding of the neurotransmitters and
neuromodulators that are involved, firstly, in respiratory rhythm and pattern generation …

Control of the timing of the inspiratory/expiratory (IE) phase transition is a hallmark of
respiratory pattern formation. In principle, sensory feedback from pulmonary stretch …

The medullary respiratory network generates respiratory rhythm via sequential phase
switching, which in turn is controlled by multiple feedbacks including those from the pons …

Respiratory brainstem neurons fulfill critical roles in controlling breathing: they generate the
activity patterns for breathing and contribute to various sensory responses including …

The hallmark of the dynamic regulation of the transitions between inspiration and expiration
is the timing of the inspiratory off‐switch (IOS) mechanisms. IOS is mediated by pulmonary …

The second-order relay neurons of the slowly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (SARs)
are called pump neurons (P cells) and are located in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). We …

Experiments were performed to identify the glycinergic or GABAergic nature, and the timing
of discharge, of the neurons which produce chloride-dependent inhibitions on other bulbar …