Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that is vital to the survival,
growth, and maintenance of neurons in key brain circuits involved in emotional and …

Since the early 1980s, phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) has been an attractive target for the
treatment of inflammation-based diseases. Several scientific advancements, by both …

Increasing evidence points to an association between major depressive disorders (MDDs)
and diverse types of GABAergic deficits. In this review, we summarize clinical and preclinical …

Major depressive disorder is a chronic debilitating mental illness. Its pathophysiology at
cellular and molecular levels is incompletely understood. Increasing evidence supports a …

Current treatments for depression are inadequate for many individuals, and progress in
understanding the neurobiology of depression is slow. Several promising hypotheses of …

Increasing evidence demonstrates that neuroplasticity, a fundamental mechanism of
neuronal adaptation, is disrupted in mood disorders and in animal models of stress. Here we …

Background: The cAMP signaling pathway, and its downstream neurotrophic factor BDNF,
are major targets of antidepressant medications. Abnormalities in this pathway have …

Neurotrophic factors are critical regulators of the formation and plasticity of neuronal
networks. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is abundant in the brain and periphery …

Converging lines of research suggest that the hippocampal complex (HC) may have a role
in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Although postmortem studies …

Studies have examined hippocampal function and volume in depressed subjects, but none
have systematically compared never-treated first-episode patients with those who have had …