Protein folding is a complex, error-prone process that often results in an irreparable protein
by-product. These by-products can be recognized by cellular quality control machineries …

BACKGROUND: Thioredoxin systems, involving redox active thioredoxins and thioredoxin
reductases, sustain a number of important thioredoxin-dependent pathways. These systems …

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the functional roles of disulfide bonds
and their relevance to human disease. The critical roles of disulfide bonds in protein …

Accidental and intended Ricinus communis intoxications in humans and animals have been
known for centuries but the causative agent remained elusive until 1888 when Stillmark …

A number of protein toxins of bacterial and plant origin have cytosolic targets, and
knowledge about these toxins have provided us with essential information about …

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are EC3. 2.32. 22 N-glycosidases that recognize a
universally conserved stem-loop structure in 23S/25S/28S rRNA, depurinating a single …

This review provides a historical overview of the research on plant ribosome-inactivating
proteins (RIPs), starting from the first studies at the end of eighteenth century involving the …

A number of protein toxins bind at the surface of mammalian cells and after endocytosis
traffic to the endoplasmic reticulum, where the toxic A chains are liberated from the …

To ensure their survival, a number of bacterial and plant species have evolved a common
strategy to capture energy from other biological systems. Being imperfect pathogens …

Cells expressing ricin B chain within the secretory pathway are significantly more resistant to
intoxication by ricin holotoxin but not to other cytotoxins that exploit similar endocytic routes …