Women have stronger immune responses to infections and vaccination than men.
Paradoxically, the stronger immune response comes at a steep price, which is the high …

Recent progress in cancer immunotherapy emphasizes the importance of understanding
immune-regulatory pathways in tumours. Dysfunction of antitumour T cells may be due to …

Lymphocytes must adapt to a wide array of environmental stressors as part of their normal
development, during which they undergo a dramatic metabolic remodeling process …

Mitochondria are important signalling organelles, and they dictate immunological fate. From
T cells to macrophages, mitochondria form the nexus of the various metabolic pathways that …

CD4 T cell activation leads to proliferation and differentiation into effector (Teff) or regulatory
(Treg) cells that mediate or control immunity. While each subset prefers distinct glycolytic or …

Background Naïve lymphocytes circulate in the body in a resting state, but upon recognition
of foreign antigen and receipt of proper costimulatory signals, these cells become activated …

Activation of CD4+ T cells results in rapid proliferation and differentiation into effector and
regulatory subsets. CD4+ effector T cell (Teff)(Th1 and Th17) and Treg subsets are …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which autoreactive CD4+
T cells play an essential role. CD4+ T cells rely on glycolysis for inflammatory effector …

Naive T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to support the increased energetic and
biosynthetic demands of effector T cell function. However, how nutrient availability …

T cell activation leads to dramatic shifts in cell metabolism to protect against pathogens and
to orchestrate the action of other immune cells. Quiescent T cells require predominantly ATP …