New Findings What is the topic of this review? Cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2, which is a
principal factor in determining ventilatory responses to CO2 through the role reactivity plays …

The manifestations of chronic insomnia undergo age-related changes. In younger infants
and children, behavioral insomnia emerges as the most prevalent form and typically …

An interoceptive homeostatic system monitors levels of CO2/H+ and provides a
proportionate drive to respiratory control networks that adjust lung ventilation to maintain …

µ-Opioid receptors (MORs) are responsible for mediating both the analgesic and respiratory
effects of opioid drugs. By binding to MORs in brainstem regions involved in controlling …

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a ubiquitous neuro-modulator–transmitter that
acts in the central nervous system, playing a major role in the control of breathing and other …

A brainstem homeostatic system senses CO2/H+ to regulate ventilation, blood gases and
acid–base balance. Neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and medullary raphe are …

Growth hormone (GH)-responsive neurons regulate several homeostatic behaviors
including metabolism, energy balance, arousal, and stress response. Therefore, it is …

Considering that the retrotrapezoid nucleus/respiratory parafacial region (RTN/pFRG) would
be an important center in the central nervous system involved in the maintenance and …

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurogenerative disorder characterized by the death of
dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc), leading to motor …

At least four mechanisms have been proposed to elucidate how neurons in the
retrotrapezoid (RTN) region sense changes in CO2/H+ to regulate breathing (ie, function as …