Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Parkinson disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that affects as many
as 1–2% of persons aged 60 years and older. With the aging of the population, the …

Abstract l-3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) remains the most effective symptomatic
treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, long-term administration of l-DOPA is …

Abstract L-DOPA (l-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) remains the most effective drug for the
treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, chronic use causes dyskinesia, a complex motor …

In order to assess the role of striatal dopamine (DA) afferents in l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia,
we have studied a large series of rats sustaining 2, 3, or 4 unilateral injections of 6 …

Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease
(PD) and the “gold standard” against which new agents must be compared. However, there …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

This unit provides detailed protocols for establishing rodent models of l‐DOPA‐induced
dyskinesia. The 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) lesion procedure is described in more detail …

Background: Observations in animal models suggest that A2A antagonists confer benefit by
modulating dopaminergic effects on the striatal dysfunction associated with motor disability …

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the progressive loss of midbrain dopamine neurons.
Dopamine replacement therapy with levodopa alleviates parkinsonian motor symptoms but …