Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) combine methods, approaches, and concepts derived from
neurophysiology, computer science, and engineering in an effort to establish real-time …

Dopamine neurons facilitate learning by calculating reward prediction error, or the difference
between expected and actual reward. Despite two decades of research, it remains unclear …

The retention of episodic-like memory is enhanced, in humans and animals, when
something novel happens shortly before or after encoding. Using an everyday memory task …

What roles do mesolimbic and neostriatal dopamine systems play in reward? Do they
mediate the hedonic impact of rewarding stimuli? Do they mediate hedonic reward learning …

What are the neural substrates of food reward? Are reward and pleasure identical? Can
taste pleasure be assessed in animals? Is reward necessarily conscious? These questions …

Reward is one of the most important influences shaping behavior. Single-unit recording and
lesion studies in experimental animals have implicated a number of regions in response to …

This Commentary compares the connections of the dopaminergic system with the striatum in
rats and primates with respect to two levels of striatal organization: a tripartite functional …

Responses to monetary reward in humans have been assessed in a number of recent
functional imaging studies, and it is clear that the neuronal substrates of financial …

The human amygdala's involvement in negative emotion is well established, but relatively
little is known regarding its role in positive emotion. Here we examined the neural response …

In order to understand how the molecular or cellular defects that underlie a disease of the
nervous system lead to the observable symptoms, it is necessary to develop a large‐scale …