Allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), allergic asthma (AAS), atopic dermatitis (AD),
food allergy (FA), and eczema are systemic diseases caused by an impaired immune …

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a promising synthesizer for precisely constructing almost
arbitrary geometry in two and three dimensions. Among various DNA-based soft materials …

Type I Interferons (IFN-Is) are a family of cytokines which play a major role in inhibiting viral
infection. Resultantly, many viruses have evolved mechanisms in which to evade the IFN-I …

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Conventional therapies, including
surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have achieved increased survival rates for many types …

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) stores genetic information as a biomolecule, and also is
regarded as a block copolymer and polyanion. Under favorable environments, DNA …

Vaccination was first pioneered in the 18th century by Edward Jenner and eventually led to
the development of the smallpox vaccine and subsequently the eradication of smallpox. The …

Over half a century has passed since interferons (IFNs) were discovered and shown to
inhibit virus infection in cultured cells. Since then, researchers have steadily brought to light …

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger cells
that express Toll-like receptor 9 (including human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells) …

Microorganisms that invade a vertebrate host are initially recognized by the innate immune
system through germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Several classes of …

Immunity in higher organisms can be broadly categorized into adaptive immunity and innate
immunity. Adaptive immunity is mediated by clonally distributed T and B lymphocytes which …