The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which is initiated by
the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous …

Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal
body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize the conserved molecular structure of
pathogens and trigger the signaling pathways that activate immune cells in response to …

Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins) are a family of immune regulatory
receptors predominantly found on the cells of the hematopoietic system. A V-set Ig-like …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of immune sensors that play crucial roles in
detecting and responding to the conserved patterns of microorganisms. To date, many …

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are present in many different fish families from several different
orders, including cyprinid, salmonid, perciform, pleuronectiform and gadiform …

Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs),
possess specific pathogen-related molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition spectrum in …

Abstract Type I IFNs (IFN-I) are cytokines, which play a crucial role in innate and adaptive
immunity against viruses of vertebrates. In essence, IFN-I are induced and secreted upon …

The innate immune system is the first line defense mechanism that recognizes, responds to,
controls or eliminates invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a critical family of …

Teleost fish possess many types of toll-like receptor (TLR) some of which exist in other
vertebrate groups and some that do not (ie so-called “fish-specific” TLRs). In this study, we …