Early adolescent substance use dramatically increases the risk of lifelong substance use
disorder (SUD). An adolescent sensitive period evolved to allow the development of risk …

Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to
study the motivational effects of drugs and non‐drug treatments in experimental animals …

The transcription factor CREB is best known for its involvement in learning and memory.
However, emerging evidence suggests that CREB activity has very different roles …

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most widely prescribed
antidepressant class today and exert their antidepressant-like effects by increasing synaptic …

Eating represents a choice among many alternative behaviors. The purpose of this review is
to provide an overview of how food reinforcement and behavioral choice theory are related …

This paper reviews the literature and highlights the need for further research regarding the
phenomenology, etiology, assessment, and treatment of co-morbid depression in patients …

The high incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and escalating use of
ADHD medications present a compelling case for clarifying the pathophysiology of, and …

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the effect of stimulant treatment in youth with attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the subsequent development of comorbid …

The term “Epigenetics” refers to DNA and chromatin modifications that persist from one cell
division to the next, despite a lack of change in the underlying DNA sequence. The …

Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with high rates of
psychiatric comorbidity, including depression. However, it is unclear whether ADHD …