Reactive oxygen species (ROS)–the byproducts of aerobic metabolism–influence numerous
aspects of the plant life cycle and environmental response mechanisms. In plants, ROS act …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are endogenously produced by several plant organelles
and compartments, particularly those with high electron transport rates, such as chloroplasts …

The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor, communicating with the cell during
biogenesis and operation to change the expression of thousands of proteins. This process …

Abiotic stresses like heavy metals, drought, salt, low temperature, etc. are the major factors
that limit crop productivity and yield. These stresses are associated with production of certain …

The redox state of the chloroplast and mitochondria, the two main powerhouses of
photosynthesizing eukaryotes, is maintained by a delicate balance between energy …

Compartmentation of the eukaryotic cell requires a complex set of subcellular messages,
including multiple retrograde signals from the chloroplast and mitochondria to the nucleus …

Communication between organelles and the nucleus is essential for fitness and survival.
Retrograde signals are cues emitted from the organelles to regulate nuclear gene …

Communication between cellular compartments is vital for development and environmental
adaptation. Signals emanating from organelles, so-called retrograde signals, coordinate …

Chloroplast and mitochondria not only provide the energy to the plant cell but due to the
sensitivity of organellar processes to perturbations caused by abiotic stress, they are also …

Intracellular signaling from plastids to the nucleus, called retrograde signaling, coordinates
the expression of nuclear and plastid genes and is essential for plastid biogenesis and for …