Space is an extreme environment for the human body, where during long-term missions
microgravity and high radiation levels represent major threats to crew health. Intriguingly …

National space agencies and private corporations aim at an extended presence of humans
in space in the medium to long term. Together with currently suboptimal technology …

With current plans for manned missions to Mars and beyond, the need to better understand,
prevent, and counteract the harmful effects of long-duration spaceflight on the body is …

Removal of the normal head-to-foot gravity vector and chronic weightlessness during
spaceflight might induce cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations related to changes in …

Key points Weightlessness in space induces initially an increase in stroke volume and
cardiac output, accompanied by unchanged or slightly reduced blood pressure. It is unclear …

Weightlessness in space induces a fluid shift from the dependent to the cephalad parts of
the body leading to distension of the cardiac chambers and an accumulation of blood in the …

Human spaceflight has been fascinating man for centuries, representing the intangible need
to explore the unknown, challenge new frontiers, advance technology, and push scientific …

Background With expanding commercial space programs, uncertainty remains about the
cardiovascular effects of space environmental exposures including microgravity …

During spaceflight, the human cardiovascular system undergoes major changes primarily
related to the effects of decreased gravitational force, or microgravity, on the human body …

Significant progress has been made in the development of countermeasures to attenuate
the negative consequences of prolonged exposure to microgravity on astronauts' bodies …