Cytoplasmic vacuolization (also called cytoplasmic vacuolation) is a well-known
morphological phenomenon observed in mammalian cells after exposure to bacterial or viral …

The diffuse neuroendocrine system consists of specialised endocrine cells and peptidergic
nerves and is present in all organs of the body. Substance P (SP) is secreted by nerves and …

Programmed cell death (PCD) is the universal process that maintains cellular homeostasis
and regulates all living systems' development, health and disease. Out of all, apoptosis is …

The peptide substance P (SP) shows a widespread distribution in both the central and
peripheral nervous systems, but it is also present in cells not belonging to the nervous …

Standard anti-cancer therapies promote tumor growth suppression mainly via induction of
apoptosis. However, in most cases cancer cells acquire the ability to escape apoptotic cell …

Given the problems with malignant cancer cells showing innate and acquired resistance to
apoptosis, we need alternative means to induce cell death in cancer. Paraptosis is a type of …

Programmed cell death (pcd) may take the form of apoptotic or nonapoptotic pcd. Whereas
cysteine aspartyl-specific proteases (caspases) mediate apoptosis, the mediators of …

Genes associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) have suggested a role for ubiquitin-
proteasome dysfunction and aberrant protein degradation in this disorder. Inasmuch as …

Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) is a versatile protein kinase that regulates many
cellular functions. Growing evidence suggests that ERK1/2 plays a crucial role in promoting …

Sustained activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and extracellular signal-
regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) both promote neuronal death. Here we identify a direct link …