We develop a theory of change for payments for environmental services (PES) to review
their imminent strengths and weaknesses in light of a growing body of impact evaluation …

Highlights•Relational and instrumental rationality coexist in human decision-
making.•Instrumental views on decision-making are embedded in relational …

The magnitude and urgency of the challenges facing agriculture and food systems demand
profound modifications in different aspects of human activity to achieve real transformative …

This article revisits the payments for environmental services (PES) concept and reviews
existing PES definitions. Based on Weberian philosophy of science, it is argued that an ideal …

Simultaneous environmental changes challenge biodiversity persistence and human
wellbeing. The science and practice of restoration ecology, in collaboration with other …

Land use is regulated through various mixes of command-and-control interventions that
directly affect land use via land use restrictions, and other public interventions that indirectly …

Humans, unlike any other multicellular species in Earth's history, have emerged as a global
force that is transforming the ecology of an entire planet. It is no longer possible to …

Assessing global tendencies and impacts of conditional payments for environmental
services (PES) programs is challenging because of their heterogeneity, and scarcity of …

Highlights•Agroforestry describes a set of technologies, a landscape approach and a drive
to greater policy synergy.•Synergy can evolve from coexistence and agreed boundaries …

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs are one prominent strategy to address
economic externalities of resource extraction and commodity production, improving both …