The ice giants Uranus and Neptune are the least understood class of planets in our solar
system but the most frequently observed type of exoplanets. Presumed to have a small rocky …

Superrotation is a dynamical regime where the atmosphere circulates around the planet in
the direction of planetary rotation with excess angular momentum in the equatorial region …

Oxygen is the most common element after hydrogen and helium in Jupiter's atmosphere,
and may have been the primary condensable (as water ice) in the protoplanetary disk. Prior …

The present-day envelope of gaseous planets is a relic of how these giant planets originated
and evolved. Measuring their elemental composition therefore presents a powerful …

Abstract The Galileo and Cassini spacecrafts have greatly enhanced the observational
record of Jupiter's tropospheric dynamics, particularly through returning high spatial …

Thermal structure of the atmosphere of Jupiter was measured from 1029 km above to 133
km below the 1‐bar level during entry and descent of the Galileo probe. The data confirm the …

We present our current understanding of the composition, vertical mixing, cloud structure
and the origin of the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. Available observations point to a …

Global maps of Jupiter's atmospheric temperatures, gaseous composition and aerosol
opacity are derived from a programme of 5–20 µm mid-infrared spectroscopic observations …

The giant gas planets have hot convective interiors, and therefore a common assumption is
that these deep atmospheres are close to a barotropic state. Here we show using a new …

Large-scale nonlinear simulations of Jupiter's 5-micron hot spots produce long-lived
coherent structures that cause subsidence in local regions, explaining the low cloudiness …