The industrialization of the deep sea is expanding worldwide. Increasing oil and gas
exploration activities in the absence of sufficient baseline data in deep-sea ecosystems has …

Aquatic resource managers are continually faced with construction or site development
proposals which, if allowed to proceed, would ultimately alter the physical structure and …

There is a growing movement in government, environmental non-governmental
organizations and the private sector to include ecosystem services in decision making …

Secondary (ie, heterotrophic or animal) production is a main pathway of energy flow through
an ecosystem as it makes energy available to consumers, including humans. Its estimation …

Human activities have reduced the carrying capacity of many estuarine systems by
degrading and removing habitat. Artificial reefs may increase estuarine rocky‐reef habitat …

Quantification of ecosystem services is increasingly valuable for conservation and
restoration decision‐making. Structured habitats serve as nursery grounds by enhancing …

A great diversity of organisms modify the physical structure of estuarine and coastal
environments. These physical ecosystem engineers–particularly, dune and marsh plants …

Two widely‐recognized hypotheses propose that increases in fish abundance at artificial
reefs are caused by (a) the attraction and redistribution of existing individuals, with no net …

The offshore wind power industry is relatively new but increasing globally, hence it is
important that the whole life-cycle is managed. The construction–operation …

Artificial reefs (ARs) are used worldwide as a tool to manage and restore marine coastal
ecosystems and to support small-scale fisheries, as increases in fish biomass around them …