Marine and freshwater ecosystems are warming, acidifying, and deoxygenating as a
consequence of climate change. In parallel, the impacts of harmful algal blooms (HABs) on …

Global warming and local eutrophication simultaneously lower oxygen (O2) saturation and
increase biological O2 demands to cause deoxygenation. Tropical shallow waters, and their …

Over the past decades, three major challenges to marine life have emerged as a
consequence of anthropogenic emissions: ocean warming, acidification and oxygen loss …

Degradation of coastal water quality in the form of low dissolved oxygen levels (hypoxia) can
harm biodiversity, ecosystem function, and human wellbeing. Extreme hypoxic conditions …

Ocean deoxygenation is predicted to threaten marine ecosystems globally. However, current
and future oxygen concentrations and the occurrence of hypoxic events on coral reefs …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

Estuaries and coastal seas provide valuable ecosystem services but are particularly
vulnerable to the co‐occurring threats of climate change and oxygen‐depleted dead zones …

The deep sea, the largest ecosystem on Earth and one of the least studied, harbours high
biodiversity and provides a wealth of resources. Although humans have used the oceans for …

Oxygen loss in the ocean, termed deoxygenation, is a major consequence of climate change
and is exacerbated by other aspects of global change. An average global loss of 2% or more …

UK estuarine environments are regulated by inter-acting physical processes, including tidal,
wave, surge, river discharge and sediment supply. They regulate the fluxes of nutrients …