Despite being one of the most familiar and widely recognized natural phenomena, lightning
remains relatively poorly understood. Even the most basic questions of how lightning is …

It is now well established that both thunderclouds and lightning routinely emit x-rays and
gamma-rays. These emissions appear over wide timescales, ranging from sub-microsecond …

The present white paper is submitted as part of the “Snowmass” process to help inform the
long-term plans of the United States Department of Energy and the National Science …

Lightning and thunderclouds are natural particle accelerators. Avalanches of relativistic
runaway electrons, which develop in electric fields within thunderclouds,, emit …

By modifying the avalanche mode of runaway breakdown to include positive feedback from
gamma‐rays and positrons, it is found that enormous bursts of energetic radiation can be …

The response of the ocean redox state to the rise of atmospheric oxygen about 2.3 billion
years ago (Ga) is a matter of controversy. Here we provide iron isotope evidence that the …

Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) from Earth's upper atmosphere have been detected
with the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) satellite. The …

The paper provides a review of research data showing the role of runaway electrons in gas
breakdowns and diffuse discharges in an inhomogeneous electric field at a pressure of 0.01 …

For the first time it is experimentally demonstrated on the JET tokamak that a combination of
a low impurity concentration bulk plasma and large magnetohydrodynamic instabilities is …

The Aragats Space Environmental Center facilities continuously measure fluxes of neutral
and charged secondary cosmic ray incidents on the Earth's surface. Since 2003 in the 1 …