Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal
body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies …

Interleukins are a subgroup of cytokines, molecules involved in the intercellular regulation of
the immune system. The term interleukin was first coined in 1979 to refer to molecules that …

The NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is one of the best-
characterized inflammasomes in humans and other mammals. However, knowledge about …

The interleukin-1 family of cytokines are essential for the control of pathogenic microbes but
are also responsible for devastating autoimmune pathologies. Consequently, tight …

While the energy landscape theory of protein folding is now a widely accepted view for
understanding how relatively weak molecular interactions lead to rapid and cooperative …

A novel IL-1 family member (nIL-1F) has been discovered in fish, adding a further member to
this cytokine family. The unique gene organization of nIL-1F, together with its location in the …

NLRP1 inflammasome is one of the best-characterized inflammasomes in humans and other
mammals. However, the existence of this inflammasome in nonmammalian species remains …

To date two closely related interleukin-1β genes (IL-1β1 and IL-β2) have been found in
salmonids. The cloning of trout and salmon IL-1β3, and a salmon IL-1β4 pseudogene …

Arthritis, an inflammatory condition that causes pain and cartilage destruction in joints,
affects over 54.4 million people in the US alone. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated the …

Viruses produce nucleic acids during their replication, either during genomic replication or
transcription. These nucleic acids are present in the cytoplasm or endosome of an infected …