Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a key growth factor that regulates both anabolic and
catabolic pathways in skeletal muscle. IGF-1 increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis via …

During the past decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an attractive drug
delivery system. Here, we assess their pre-clinical applications, in the form of a systematic …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated to affect 10–14% of global population. Kidney
fibrosis, characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition leading to scarring, is a …

Loss of muscle proteins is a deleterious consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that
causes a decrease in muscle strength and function, and can lead to a reduction in quality of …

Fibrosis is the endpoint of pathological remodeling. This process contributes to the
pathogenesis of several chronic disorders and aging-associated organ damage. Different …

Inflammation and fibrosis are two pathological features of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been long considered as a key mediator of renal …

MicroRNA (miRNA) is regarded as a prominent genetic regulator, as it can fine‐tune an
entire biological pathway by targeting multiple target genes. This characteristic makes …

Pathophysiological changes of skeletal muscle occur in a variety of chronic diseases,
leading to muscle atrophy and dysfunction, which greatly affect the quality of life. Despite …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a high-risk chronic catabolic disease due to its high
morbidity and mortality. CKD is accompanied by many complications, leading to a poor …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a cluster of cell-secreted lipid bilayer nanoscale particles,
universally exist in body fluids, as well as cell and tissue culture supernatants. Over the past …