Abstract Mucosal IgA or secretory IgA (SIgA) are structurally equipped to resist chemical
degradation in the harsh environment of mucosal surfaces and enzymes of host or microbial …

Most pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces. Therefore, vaccination through
the mucosal route can greatly enhance the mucosal immune response. Vaccination via the …

Background: Extensive efforts have been made in optimizing monoclonal immunoglobulin
(Ig) G antibodies for use in clinical practice. Accumulating evidence suggests that IgA or anti …

Mucosal tissue constitutes the largest interface between the body and the external
environment, regulating the entry of pathogens, particles, and molecules. Mucosal …

Introduction The unique mucosal immune system allows the generation of robust protective
immune responses at the front line of pathogen encounters. The needle-free delivery route …

Influenza is one of the major threats to public health. Current influenza vaccines cannot
provide effective protection against drifted or shifted influenza strains. Researchers have …

Background The present review envisages the role of nanovaccines to combat the global
challenges of antimicrobial resistance. Nanovaccines are a novel formulation comprised of …

Consecutive cases of human infection with H7N9 influenza viruses since 2013 in China
have prompted efforts to develop an effective treatment. Subunit vaccines introduced by …

Current commercial H9 avian influenza vaccines cannot provide satisfactory protective
immunity against antigenic variant influenza viruses in ducks. Poly I: C, when used as an …

Infectious diseases of the conjunctiva and cornea usually leave behind both broad local and
systemic immunity. Case reports of SARS-CoV-2-positive conjunctivitis with subsequent …