The complex architecture of fragmented authority in the international system remains under-
theorized. Understanding the world of separatist regions that turn into de facto states is high …

Many of the world's states—from Algeria to Ireland to the United States—are the result of
robust national movements that achieved independence. Many other national movements …

What effect does state violence have on the cohesiveness and fragmentation of insurgent
organizations? This article develops a theory of how state violence against civilians affects …

What accounts for overarching trajectories of civil wars? This article develops an account of
civil war as a social process that connects dynamics of conflict from pre-to post-war periods …

When insurgent organizations factionalize and fragment, it can profoundly shape a civil war:
its intensity, outcome, and duration. In this extended treatment of this complex and important …

Violent conflict among rebels is a common feature of civil wars and insurgencies. Yet, not all
rebel groups are equally prone to such infighting. While previous research has focused on …

When rebels make alliances, what informs their choice of allies? Civil wars are rarely simple
contests between rebels and incumbent regimes. Rather, rival militant networks provide the …

To what extent does sexual violence influence rebel group fragmentation? A substantial
body of research explores wartime rape as a cohesion-building mechanism following forced …

Do radical political demands increase the risk of ethnic civil conflict? And why do ethnic
movements make radical demands in the first place? We contend that when movements are …

De facto states, such as Somaliland (Somalia), are unrecognized separatist enclaves that
display characteristics of statehood but lack an international legal status. To acquire …