Background According to recent evidence, up to 40–50% of variance in autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) liability might be determined by environmental factors. In the present paper …

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) might increase the risk of childhood diseases by
disrupting hormone-mediated processes that are critical for growth and development during …

Background: Thyroid disease in pregnancy is a common clinical problem. Since the
guidelines for the management of these disorders by the American Thyroid Association …

Adequate thyroid hormone availability is important for an uncomplicated pregnancy and
optimal fetal growth and development. Overt thyroid disease is associated with a wide range …

This guideline has been produced as the official statement of the European Thyroid
Association guideline committee. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in pregnancy is defined …

Thyroid hormones (THs) play an obligatory role in many fundamental processes underlying
brain development and maturation. The developing embryo/fetus is dependent on maternal …

The numbers of potential neurotoxicants in the environment are raising and pose a great risk
for humans and the environment. Currently neurotoxicity assessment is mostly performed to …

GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter that counterbalances excitation in the mature
brain. The inhibitory action of GABA relies on the inflow of chloride ions (Cl−), which …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurobiological disorder characterized by
neuropsychological and behavioral deficits. Cognitive impairment, lack of social skills, and …

Thyroid hormones are crucial in normal brain development. Transient and mild thyroid
hormone insufficiency in pregnancy is also associated with impaired neurodevelopment in …