Lepidopteran insects provide important model systems for innate immunity of insects,
particularly for cell biology of hemocytes and biochemical analyses of plasma proteins …

Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are multisubunit cell‐envelope‐spanning structures,
ancestrally related to bacterial conjugation machines, which transfer proteins and …

Host innate immunity plays a central role in detecting and eliminating microbial pathogenic
infections in both vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Entomopathogenic or insect …

Photorhabdus is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae that lives in a mutualistic
association with a Heterorhabditis nematode worm. The nematode worm burrows into insect …

Insects are the largest group of animals on earth. Like mammals, virus, fungi, bacteria and
parasites infect them. Several tissue barriers and defense mechanisms are common for …

Insect pathogens are an excellent source of novel insecticidal agents with proven toxicity. In
particular, bacteria from the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus are proving to be a …

Mutually beneficial interactions between microorganisms and animals are a conserved and
ubiquitous feature of biotic systems. In many instances animals, including humans, are …

ABSTRACT A diverse family of metalloproteases (MPs) is distributed in eukaryotes.
However, the functions of MPs are still understudied. We report that seven MPs belonging to …

Pathogenicity islands (PAIs), a distinct type of genomic island (GI), play important roles in the
rapid adaptation and increased virulence of pathogens. 89K is a newly identified PAI in …

The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella has been widely used as a heterologous host for a
number of fungal pathogens including Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. A …