Drugs are typically small molecules that are generally classified as xenobiotics, which are
foreign to the human body. Several endogenous molecules, however, such as steroids and …

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are involved in active pumping of many diverse
substrates through the cellular membrane. The transport mediated by these proteins …

Oral administration is the most commonly used route for drug delivery owing to its cost-
effectiveness, ease of administration, and high patient compliance. However, the absorption …

Orally administered drugs must overcome several barriers before reaching their target site.
Such barriers depend largely upon specific membrane transport systems and intracellular …

Information on drug absorption and disposition in infants and children has increased
considerably over the past 2 decades. However, the impact of specific age-related effects on …

Highly potent, but poorly water-soluble, drug candidates are common outcomes of
contemporary drug discovery programmes and present a number of challenges to drug …

Drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) play central roles in the metabolism, elimination and
detoxification of xenobiotics and drugs introduced into the human body. Most of the tissues …

Cell-free permeation systems are gaining interest in drug discovery and development as
tools to obtain a reliable prediction of passive intestinal absorption without the …

Cyclodextrins are widely used excipients, composed of glucopyranose units with a cyclic
structure. One of their most important properties, is that their inner cavity is hydrophobic …

1. P-glycoprotein (P-gp/MDR1), one of the most clinically important transmembrane
transporters in humans, is encoded by the ABCB1/MDR1 gene. Recent insights into the …