The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was initially identified and
studied in the regulation of glycogen synthesis. GSK-3 functions in a wide range of cellular …

The PI3K/AKT pathway is a key target in oncology where most efforts are focussed on
phenotypes such as cell proliferation and survival. Comparatively, little attention has been …

The mechanisms of how signaling pathways are coordinated and integrated for the
maintenance of the self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and the acquisition …

X-chromosome inactivation is a paradigm of epigenetic transcriptional regulation. Female
human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) often undergo erosion of X-inactivation upon …

Maintaining a finely-balanced network of signaling inputs is critical for the maintenance of
pluripotent stem cells. Together, signaling pathways achieve this by maintaining a long-term …

Until recently, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were shown to exist in a state of primed
pluripotency, while mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) display a naive or primed …

The transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family factors induce pleiotropic effects and are
involved in the regulation of most normal and pathological cellular processes. The activity of …

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are somatic cells reprogrammed by ectopic
expression of transcription factors or small molecule treatment, which resemble embryonic …

Human and mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) exhibit fundamental differences depicting
two distinct states of pluripotency: naive and primed. Mouse ESCs (mESCs) are dependent …

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is a major health-care problem worldwide and its cost
is becoming no longer affordable. Indeed, restoring damaged renal structures or building a …