Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide, creating a high
medical and socioeconomic burden. There is a growing interest in the biological …

The depressive state has been characterised as one of elevated inflammation, which holds
promise for better understanding treatment-resistance in affective disorders as well as for …

A plethora of research has implicated hundreds of putative biomarkers for depression, but
has not yet fully elucidated their roles in depressive illness or established what is abnormal …

Resilience is the ability to adapt successfully in the face of stress and adversity. Stressful life
events, trauma, and chronic adversity can have a substantial impact on brain function and …

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and cortisol are the most abundant hormones of the
human fetal and adult adrenals released as end products of a tightly coordinated endocrine …

BackgroundCortisol plays a multifaceted role in major depression disorder (MDD). Diurnal
rhythms are disturbed, there is increased resistance to the feedback action of …

Recent findings have established a connection between inflammation and major depression
and specifically the role of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in depression …

Humans have been designed with a complex repertoire of metabolic machinery intended to
maintain normal homeostasis. This physiologic state of balance is susceptible to various …

Hormone ratios have become increasingly popular throughout the neuroendocrine literature
since they offer a straightforward way to simultaneously analyze the effects of two …

The adolescent transition is marked by increases in stress exposure and significant
maturation of neural and hormonal stress processing systems. Variability in the development …