Three contradictory clinical presentations of gout have puzzled clinicians and basic
scientists for some time: first, the crescendo of sterile inflammation in acute gouty arthritis; …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most serious age-related neurodegenerative disease and
causes destructive and irreversible cognitive decline. Failures in the development of …

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the leading causes of liver diseases and liver-related
death worldwide. Of the many factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of ALD, gut-derived …

Sustained low-grade inflammation mediated by non-resolving inflammatory monocytes has
long been suspected in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; however, the molecular …

Monocytes and macrophages play pivotal roles in inflammation and homeostasis. Recent
studies suggest that dynamic programing of macrophages and monocytes may give rise to …

Abstract Classical (M1) and alternative (M2) polarization of mononuclear cells (MNCs) such
as monocyte and macrophages is known to occur in response to challenges within a …

Since the definition of systemic inflammatory response syndrome/sepsis was originally
proposed, a large amount of new information has been generated showing a much more …

Abstract 'Detoxification'of gut-derived toxins and microbial products from gut-derived
microbes is a major role of the liver. While the full repertoire of gut-derived microbial …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) is a structural component of the gram-negative outer
membrane. The lipid A moiety of LPS binds to the LPS receptor complex expressed by …

Cross-talk within the innate immune pathways is highly complex and contains many
unknowns. Here, we discuss the different combinations of PAMPs, together with the …