This paper reviews the recent evolution of the measurement techniques in the area of
impedance measurement from the Wheatstone bridge to the most advanced Josephson …

Electrical Impedance: Principles, Measurement, and Applications provides a modern and
much-needed overview of electrical impedance measurement science and its application in …

This paper describes a Josephson-based full digital impedance bridge capable of
comparing any two impedances, regardless of type (RC, RL, or LC), over a large frequency …

A reconfigurable digital bridge for calibrating four terminal-pair (4-TP) defined impedance
standards in the whole complex impedance plane by means of fully digital (FD) operation of …

We report here the results of a comparison of electrical impedance standards aimed at
evaluating four novel digital impedance bridges developed by the national metrology …

Fully digital impedance bridges are emerging as measuring instruments for primary
electrical impedance metrology and the realization of impedance units and scales. This …

The hardware idea and experimental studies of a two-phase source of digitally synthesized
sinusoidal voltage (DSS) intended for use in primary impedance metrology is described in …

This article describes an automated electronic fully digital bridge for the comparison of four-
terminal-pair (4TP) impedance standards in the audio frequency range. The bridge relative …

In the currently used primary impedance measuring systems, there is a need to compare
standards with ratios different from 1: 1, eg, in order to transfer the value to multiples or …

This paper describes new realization of a sampling-based four-terminal-pair digital
impedance bridge and test measurements performed with it. The bridge is based on a new …