Studies of shape asymmetry have become increasingly abundant as the methods of
geometric morphometrics have gained widespread use. Most of these studies have …

Developmental systems integrate inputs of variation from different origins into the
observable variation of the resulting phenotype. Different components of phenotypic …

This paper provides a step-by-step guide for the morphological analysis of corolla and the
decomposition of corolla shape variation into its symmetric and asymmetric components …

In this review, we consider transformations of axial symmetry in metazoan evolution and
development, the genetic basis, and phenotypic expressions of different axial body plans. In …

Background Fishes are extremely speciose and also highly disparate in their fin
configurations, more specifically in the number of fins present as well as their structure …

Bilateral symmetry is widespread across animals, yet, among bilaterians, many cases of
conspicuous asymmetries evolved. This means that bilaterally homologous structures on the …

During development, cells are subject to stochastic fluctuations in their positions (ie cell-
level noise) that can potentially lead to morphological noise (ie stochastic differences …

Background Unicellular green algae of the genus Micrasterias (Desmidiales) have complex
cells with multiple lobes and indentations, and therefore, they are considered model …

Using the centipede model species Strigamia maritima as a subject of study, we illustrate the
potential of geometric morphometrics for investigating the development and evolution of …

Green algae of the genus Halimeda have modular siphonous thalli composed of multiple
repeated segments. Morphological variation among the segments has been related to …