Phenotypes vary hierarchically among taxa and populations, among genotypes within
populations, among individuals within genotypes, and also within individuals for repeatedly …

The relationship between genotype (which is inherited) and phenotype (the target of
selection) is mediated by environmental inputs on gene expression, trait development, and …

Background Most, if not all, organisms possess the ability to alter their phenotype in direct
response to changes in their environment, a phenomenon known as phenotypic plasticity …

Genetic architecture, the structure of the mapping from genotype to phenotype, determines
the variational properties of the phenotype and is instrumental in understanding its …

Developmental systems integrate inputs of variation from different origins into the
observable variation of the resulting phenotype. Different components of phenotypic …

Regulatory and developmental systems produce phenotypes that are robust to
environmental and genetic variation. A gene product that normally contributes to this …

The origin of novel traits is what draws many to evolutionary biology, yet our understanding
of the mechanisms that underlie the genesis of novelty remains limited. Here I review …

There is reason to suspect that hidden reaction norms (variation that is phenotypically
expressed only after changes in internal or external environmental conditions) may store an …

Robustness, the persistence of an organismal trait under perturbations, is a ubiquitous
property of complex living systems. We here discuss key concepts related to robustness with …

Phenotypic plasticity in general and polyphenic development in particular are thought to
play important roles in organismal diversification and evolutionary innovation. Focusing on …