While academic literature has long explored the ways in which colonial reification of identity
and narratives underpinning unequal racialised status of colonial subjects contributed to …

This chapter examines the past two decades of thought and practice on R2P. It
demonstrates that whilst there have been significant ideational, political and operational …

Colonial memory and interdisciplinary memorialization across Congo, Rwanda, Burundi and
Belgium Belgian colonialism was short-lived but left significant traces that are still felt in the …

Since January 2017, foreign non-governmental organisations (ONGEs) active in Burundi are
required to respect ethnic quotas (60 per cent Hutu, 40 per cent Tutsi) when employing local …

While conflict is often understood across multiple levels, including its regional dimension,
peacebuilding and memory work are rarely put in conversation at this level. The article …

Abstract Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa are Burundi's three amoko (sing. ubwoko), and are usually
referred to as “ethnicities” or “ethnic groups”. Open violence between Hutu and Tutsi has …

After decades of an oppressive one-party system and more than a decadelong ethnic
conflict, Burundi saw a veritable blossoming of free and vibrant media in the first decade of …

Violence based on identity constructs reinforces the experience of ethnic boundaries as felt
distance between in-groups and out-groups. But what makes such an experience of rigid …

Pierre Nkurunziza died in 2020, just a few months short of completing his tenure as the first
post-civil war President of Burundi. Critics have cast him as yet another rebel-turned …

Military politics have been entangled with the trajectory of Burundian public institutions,
experiences of violence, and the army formation. From 1994 to 2009, the peace process …